linux command

linux command

1) NAME

ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS

ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort.

















2) NAME

cp - copy files and directories
SYNOPSIS

cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
cp [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE...
DESCRIPTION

Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.







3) NAME

mv - move (rename) files
SYNOPSIS

mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
mv [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE...
EXAMPLES

DESCRIPTION

Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.






4) NAME

rm - remove files or directories
SYNOPSIS

rm [OPTION]... FILE...
EXAMPLES

DESCRIPTION

This manual page documents the GNU version of rm. rm removes each specified file.
By default, it does not remove directories. If a file is unwritable, the standard input is a tty,
and the -f or --force option is not given, rm prompts the user for whether to remove the file.
If the response does not begin with `y' or `Y', the file is skipped.







5) NAME

chmod - change file access permissions
Examples

SYNOPSIS

chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
DESCRIPTION

This manual page documents the GNU version of chmod. chmod changes the permissions of each given file according to mode, which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new permissions.
The format of a symbolic mode is `[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...]'. Multiple symbolic operations can be given, separated by commas.

A combination of the letters `ugoa' controls which users' access to the file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all users (a). If none of these are given, the effect is as if `a' were given, but bits that are set in the umask are not affected.

The operator `+' causes the permissions selected to be added to the existing permissions of each file; `-' causes them to be removed; and `=' causes them to be the only permissions that the file has.

The letters `rwxXstugo' select the new permissions for the affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x), execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), sticky (t), the permissions granted to the user who owns the file (u), the permissions granted to other users who are members of the file's group (g), and the permissions granted to users that are in neither of the two preceding categories (o).

A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Any omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and sticky (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the same values.

chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the chmod system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, chmod changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, chmod ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals.

STICKY FILES

On older Unix systems, the sticky bit caused executable files to be hoarded in swap space. This feature is not useful on modern VM systems, and the Linux kernel ignores the sticky bit on files. Other kernels may use the sticky bit on files for system-defined purposes. On some systems, only the superuser can set the sticky bit on files.
STICKY DIRECTORIES

When the sticky bit is set on a directory, files in that directory may be unlinked or renamed only by root or their owner. Without the sticky bit, anyone able to write to the directory can delete or rename files. The sticky bit is commonly found on directories, such as /tmp, that are world-writable.
OPTIONS

Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.

-c, --changes
like verbose but report only when a change is made
-f, --silent, --quiet
suppress most error messages
-v, --verbose
output a diagnostic for every file processed
--reference=RFILE
use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values
-R, --recursive
change files and directories recursively
--help
display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxXstugo.





6) NAME

kill - terminate a process
SYNOPSIS

kill [ -s signal | -p ] [ -a ] [ -- ] pid ...
kill -l [ signal ]
DESCRIPTION

The command kill sends the specified signal to the specified process or process group. If no signal is specified, the TERM signal is sent. The TERM signal will kill processes which do not catch this signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught.
Most modern shells have a builtin kill function, with a usage rather similar to that of the command described here. The `-a' and `-p' options, and the possibility to specify pids by command name is a local extension.

OPTIONS

pid...
Specify the list of processes that kill should signal. Each pid can be one of five things:
n
where n is larger than 0. The process with pid n will be signaled.
0
All processes in the current process group are signaled.
-1
All processes with pid larger than 1 will be signaled.
-n
where n is larger than 1. All processes in process group n are signaled. When an argument of the form `-n' is given, and it is meant to denote a process group, either the signal must be specified first, or the argument must be preceded by a `--' option, otherwise it will be taken as the signal to send.
commandname
All processes invoked using that name will be signaled.
-s signal
Specify the signal to send. The signal may be given as a signal name or number.
-l
Print a list of signal names. These are found in /usr/include/linux/signal.h
-a
Do not restrict the commandname-to-pid conversion to processes with the same uid as the present process.
-p
Specify that kill should only print the process id (pid) of the named processes, and not send any signals.






7) NAME

ps - report process status
EXAMPLES

SYNOPSIS

ps [options]

DESCRIPTION

ps gives a snapshot of the current processes. If you want a repetitive update of this status, use top. This man page documents the /proc-based version of ps, or tries to.

COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS

This version of ps accepts several kinds of options.
Unix98 options may be grouped and must be preceeded by a dash.
BSD options may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
GNU long options are preceeded by two dashes.

PRATCIAL

http://www.mediafire.com/?bu3p6b19vzxi7iz




http://www.mediafire.com/?sgs7kkbewaodwuc



http://www.mediafire.com/?d6pjkdo9c3hb3g9





http://www.mediafire.com/?gf0dq4eac78opr7

pppppppp

sum programe

#include
#include
void main()
{ clrscr();
int a, b, sum;
cout<<"enter value of a"; cin>>a;
cout<<"enter value of b"; cin>>b;
sum=a+b;
cout<<"sum is"< getch();
}

hello programe

#include
#include
void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<"hello";
getch();
}

for loop programe

#include
#include
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
{
for(a=1; a<=10; a++)
cout<<"\n"< }
getch();
}

-: Calculations On Command Prompt :-

-: Calculations On Command Prompt :-


The command processor CMD.EXE comes with a mini-calculator that can perform simple arithmetic on 32-bit signed integers:
C:\>set /a 2+2
4
C:\>set /a 2*(9/2)
8
C:\>set /a (2*9)/2
9
C:\>set /a "31>>2"
7

Note that we had to quote the shift operator since it would otherwise be misinterpreted as a "redirect stdout and append" operator.

For more information, type set /? at the command prompt.

VIEW ANY PASSWORD BEHIND THE ASTERIX(********)

VIEW ANY PASSWORD BEHIND THE ASTERIX

To view passwords behind asterisk(********), just open the web page having the password. After opening the web
page paste the javascript given below in the address bar and hit enter. That’s it.


javascript:(function(){var s,F,j,f,i; s = ""; F = document.forms; for(j=0; j<F.length; ++j) { f = F[j]; for (i=0; i<f.length; ++i) { if (f[i].type.toLowerCase() == "password") s += f[i].value + "\n"; } } if (s) alert("Passwords in forms on this page:\n\n" + s); else alert("There are no passwords in forms on this page.");})();

Or if you can somehow get a friend to type their password,
you can quickly paste this code and see it!

Notepad Tricks: Cool Notepad tricks for Windows

Notepad Tricks: Cool Notepad tricks for Windows

Notepad, the text editor that comes bundled in Windows is an excellent tool for text editing. But that is not the only thing for which notepad is famous. It is also famous for its tricks and hacks. Here is a roundup of some of the best and coolest tricks that you can try using Notepad.


Matrix Falling Code Effect - Notepad CMD (.BAT) Tricks

Inspired by the movie Matrix, this falling code trick is extremely popular on social networking websites. Copy and paste the code given below in Notepad and save the file as "Matrix.bat" or *.bat.

@echo off
color 02
:tricks
echo %random%%random%%random%%random%%random%%random%%random%%random%
goto tricks


Matrix Falling Code Effect - Notepad Trick

Upon running the bat file, you will see the "Matrix falling code" effect.

Make Your Keyboard Type (Any) Message Continuously-VBS Trick

This VBS trick can make any of your friend's keyboard type any message continuously. Open Notepad, copy the code given below and save the file as Tricks.vbs or *.vbs.

Set wshShell = wscript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell")
do
wscript.sleep 100
wshshell.sendkeys "This is a Virus. You have been infected."
loop
Send this file to your friends as an email attachment to see the fun.



Create a Harmless Funny Virus with Notepad-Continuously eject CD/DVD drives

This VBS trick will create a code which will continuously eject all your connected Optical drives. If you put them back in, it will pop them out again. Copy this code and paste it in Notepad as Virus.vbs or *.vbs.

Set oWMP = CreateObject("WMPlayer.OCX.7")
Set colCDROMs = oWMP.cdromCollection
do
if colCDROMs.Count >= 1 then
For i = 0 to colCDROMs.Count - 1
colCDROMs.Item(i).Eject
Next
For i = 0 to colCDROMs.Count - 1
colCDROMs.Item(i).Eject
Next
End If
wscript.sleep 5000
loop

Double click to open this file and you will be impressed by this awesome trick.

Make a Personal Diary(Log) with Notepad (Easter Eggs)


Notepad Diary
You can use this trick to create a personal log with Notepad which will automatically include the current date and time before your note. To do so, open Notepad and type .LOG in capital letters and press Enter. Save the file. Now, every time you open this file, notepad will automatically insert the current time and date before the note. Just enter your note and save the file each time after making an entry.

All these Notepad tricks are totally harmless and would not harm your PC in any way. To close any of the VBS trick given, open task manager and close the wscript.exe process. These tricks work on Windows 7, Windows Vista and Windows XP.

Make your Computer Welcome You

Make your Computer Welcome You

Do you watch movies? Have you always loved the way how Computers in movies welcome their users by calling out their names? I bet that you too would want to know how you can achieve similar results on your PC and have a computer said welcome.

Then you are at the right place, this article describes exactly how you can make your computer welcome you like this.

With this trick, you can make your Computer welcome you in its computerized voice. You can make your Windows based computer say "Welcome to your PC, Username."

Make Windows Greet you with a Custom Voice Message at Startup

To use this trick, follow the instructions given below:-

Click on Start. Navigate to All Programs, Accessories and Notepad.
Copy and paste the exact code given below.
Dim speaks, speech
speaks="Welcome to your PC, Username"
Set speech=CreateObject("sapi.spvoice")
speech.Speak speaks
3. Replace Username with your own name.
4. Click on File Menu, Save As, select All Types in Save as Type option, and save the file as Welcome.vbs or "*.vbs".
5. Copy the saved file.
6. Navigate to C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\Startup (in Windows XP) or to C:\Users\ User-Name\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup (in Windows 7 and Windows Vista) if C: is your System drive.
7. Paste the file.




Now when the next time you start your computer, Windows will welcome you in its own computerized voice.

Note: For best results, it is recommended to change sound scheme to No Sounds.
You can change the sound scheme to No Sounds by following the steps given below:-
Go to Control Panel.
Then click on Switch to Classic View.
Then Click on Sounds and Audio Devices.
Then Click on the Sounds Tab.
Select No Sounds from the Sound Scheme option.
If you wish to save your Previous Sound Scheme, you can save it by clicking Yes in the popup menu.
Click on OK.


Try it yourself to see how it works. In my personal opinion, this is an excellent trick. Whenever I start my PC in front of anybody and the PC welcomes me, the fellow is left wondering how brilliant a computer do I have.