Windows keyboard shortcut list
Here are the keyboard shortcuts for the current consumer version of Windows:
General
Get specific help on selected item [F1]
Quit a program [ALT][F4]
Close a window [CTRL][F4]
View the Shortcut menu for selected item [SHIFT][F10]
Display Start menu [CTRL][ESC]
Switch to last window used [ALT][TAB]
Cycle through open applications [ALT][TAB], [ALT][TAB], [ALT][TAB]. . .
Bypass CD or CD-ROM autoplay [SHIFT] while inserting the disc
Select first item on menu bar [F10]
Move through menu headings [LEFT ARROW],[RIGHT ARROW]
Open a menu [DOWN ARROW]
Move through menus [UP ARROW],[DOWN ARROW]
Move to menu where X is underlined [ALT]X
Close current menu selection [ESC]
Cancel current selection on menu bar [ALT] or [F10]
Open application's Control menu [ALT][SPACEBAR]
Open document's Control menu [ALT][-]
Close current document window [CTRL][F4]
Switch to the next document window [CTRL][F6]
Toggle maximized and windowed displays [MOUSE R][MOUSE R] on title bar
Copy a file [MOUSE R] drag the file, [C]
Create a shortcut [CTRL][SHIFT] drag the file
Create a shortcut [MOUSE R] drag an item, [S]
Delete an item Drag to Recycle Bin
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [DEL]
Undo delete [MOUSE R] on desktop, [U]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT][DEL]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT][MOUSE R], [D]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT]drag item to Recycle Bin
Select first menu on menu bar [ALT]
Add Toolbar to any Windows applet or folder [ALT][V], [T]
Move forward through dialog box options [TAB]
Move backward through dialog box options [SHIFT][TAB]
Move between tabs [CTRL][TAB]
Move to an option with the letter X underlined [ALT]X
Open a list box [ALT][DOWN ARROW]
Go to the top of a list box [HOME]
Go to the bottom of a list box [END]
Move to item in list box starting with X X
Select or deselect items in a check box or list box [SPACEBAR]
Select or deselect one item at a time in a list box [SHIFT][UP ARROW]
Select or deselect one item at a time in a list box [SHIFT][DOWN ARROW]
Make noncontiguous selections from list box [CTRL][LEFT ARROW], [MOUSE L]
Open Look In list (Open dialog) [F4]
Open Save In list (Save as dialog) [F4]
Open folder a level up from current folder [BACKSPACE]
Create a new folder [MOUSE R], [W], [F]
Jump to a desktop item Type initial characters
Rename an item [F2]
Find a file or folder [F3]
Cut selected item [CTRL][X]
Copy selected item [CTRL][C]
Paste copied or cut item [CTRL][V]
View an item's Properties [ALT][ENTER]
View an item's Properties [ALT][MOUSE R][MOUSE R]
Create a shortcut [MOUSE R]drag the file, [S]
Close parent folders [SHIFT] click on the Close button
Correct displayed time [MOUSE R] on [ALT][T], [UP ARROW],
[DOWN ARROW][A],[TAB] to adjust, [ALT][A]
Line up icons [MOUSE R], [E]
Turn on (or turn off) icons' autoarrange [MOUSE R], [I], [A]
Minimize all windows [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [M]
Cascade all windows [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [C]
Tile all windows horizontally [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [H]
Tile all windows vertically [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [V]
Undo last Desktop command [MOUSE R], [U]
Change the Desktop's properties [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R]
Change background pattern [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R],
select option, [ALT][A]
Change wallpaper [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [ALT][W],
select option, [ALT][A]
Tile wallpaper [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [ALT]T, [ALT][A]
Center wallpaper [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [ALT]C, [ALT][A]
Change screen saver [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][S]
Password-protect screen saver [MOUSE R] on desktop,
[R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][P]
Change password [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][C]
Change screen saver setup [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][T]
Preview screen saver [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][V]
Change screen saver wait time [MOUSE R]on desktop,
[R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][W]
Taskbar
Hide Taskbar [MOUSE R], [R], [U]
Restore hidden Taskbar [MOUSE R], [R], [U]
Remove clock from Tray [MOUSE R], [R], [C]
Cascade all windows [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [C]
Tile all windows horizontally [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [H]
Tile all windows vertically [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [V]
Undo last Desktop command [MOUSE R], [U]
Reduce size of icons in Start menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R], [S]
Clear contents of Documents menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R],
[CTRL][TAB], [C]
Add item to Start menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R],
[CTRL][TAB], [A], [ALT][B]
Start Menu
Activate Start menu [CTRL][ESC]
Activate Start menu from Desktop [CTRL][ESC]
Activate Start menu from Desktop [ALT][S]
Add item to Start menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R],
[CTRL][TAB], [A], [ALT][B]
Remove items from Start menu [MOUSE R] on Start button, O, P, [ENTER]
Reduce size of icons in Start menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R], [S]
Clear contents of Documents menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R],
[CTRL][TAB], [C]
Bring up Find utility [MOUSE R] on Start button, [F]
Recycle Bin
Empty Recycle Bin [MOUSE R], [B]
Cancel delete confirmation dialog box [MOUSE R], [R], [D]
Reinstate delete confirmation dialog box [MOUSE R], [R], [D]
Cancel undelete option for every deletion [MOUSE R], [R], [R]
Explorer
Open Explorer [MOUSE R] on Start button, [E]
Refresh a window [F5]
Go to a named folder [CTRL][G], enter name
Jump to a folder Type its initial character(s)
Undo [CTRL][Z]
Select all [CTRL][A]
Move one level up [BACKSPACE]
Close selected folder and its parents [SHIFT][L] on Close button
Rename an item [F2]
Find a file or folder [F3]
Cut selected item [CTRL][X]
Copy selected item [CTRL][C]
Paste copied or cut item [CTRL][V]
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [DEL]
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [MOUSE R], [D]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT][DEL] or [SHIFT][MOUSE R], [D]
View an item's Properties [ALT][ENTER]
View an item's Properties [ALT][MOUSE R][MOUSE R]
Copy a file [CTRL] drag the file
Create a shortcut [CTRL][SHIFT] drag the file
Switch between left and right panes [F6]
Expand current folder's subfolders [*] on numeric keypad
Expand the selected folder [+] on numeric keypad
Collapse the selected folder [-] on numeric keypad
Expand current selection [RIGHT ARROW]
Select first subfolder (if expanded) [RIGHT ARROW]
Collapse current selection [LEFT ARROW]
Select parent folder (if collapsed) [LEFT ARROW]
Change icon size to small [ALT][V], [M]
Change icon size to small [MOUSE R], [V], [M]
Change icon size to large [ALT][V], [G]
Change icon size to large [MOUSE R], [V], [G]
Change icon view to a list [ALT][V], [L]
Change icon view to a list [MOUSE R], [V], [L]
Change icon view to a detailed list [ALT]V, [D]
Change icon view to a detailed list [MOUSE R], [V], [D]
Arrange icons in alphabetical order [ALT]V, [I], [N]
Arrange icons in alphabetical order [MOUSE R], [I], [N]
Arrange icons by size [ALT][V], [I], [S]
Arrange icons by size [MOUSE R], [I], [S]
Arrange icons by type [ALT][V], [I], [T]
Arrange icons by type [MOUSE R], [I], [T]
Arrange icons by modification date [ALT][V], [I], [D]
Arrange icons by modification date [MOUSE R], [I], [D]
Line up icons [ALT]V, [I], [E]
Line up icons [MOUSE R], [I], [E]
Add Toolbar to any Windows applet or folder [ALT][V], [T]
Activate the Toolbar's List box [TAB]
Activate the Toolbar's List box [F4]
Folders
Find a file or folder [F3]
Cut selected item [CTRL][X]
Copy selected item [CTRL][C]
Paste copied or cut item [CTRL][V]
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [DEL]
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [MOUSE R], [D]
Undo delete [MOUSE R] on desktop,[U]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT][DEL]
View an item's Properties [ALT][ENTER]
Copy a file [CTRL] drag the file
Create a shortcut [CTRL][SHIFT] drag the file
Fonts
Install a new font [ALT][F], [I]
Hide font variations (bold, italic, etc.) [ALT][V], [H]
List fonts by similarity [ALT][V], [S]
Printers
Pause print job on selected printer [ALT][F], [A]
Pause print job on selected printer [MOUSE R], [A]
Purge print job on selected printer [ALT][F], [U]
Purge print job on selected printer [MOUSE R], [U]
Set default printer [ALT][F], [F]
Set default printer [MOUSE R], [F]
Windows keyboard shortcut list
Here are the keyboard shortcuts for the current consumer version of Windows:
General
Get specific help on selected item [F1]
Quit a program [ALT][F4]
Close a window [CTRL][F4]
View the Shortcut menu for selected item [SHIFT][F10]
Display Start menu [CTRL][ESC]
Switch to last window used [ALT][TAB]
Cycle through open applications [ALT][TAB], [ALT][TAB], [ALT][TAB]. . .
Bypass CD or CD-ROM autoplay [SHIFT] while inserting the disc
Select first item on menu bar [F10]
Move through menu headings [LEFT ARROW],[RIGHT ARROW]
Open a menu [DOWN ARROW]
Move through menus [UP ARROW],[DOWN ARROW]
Move to menu where X is underlined [ALT]X
Close current menu selection [ESC]
Cancel current selection on menu bar [ALT] or [F10]
Open application's Control menu [ALT][SPACEBAR]
Open document's Control menu [ALT][-]
Close current document window [CTRL][F4]
Switch to the next document window [CTRL][F6]
Toggle maximized and windowed displays [MOUSE R][MOUSE R] on title bar
Copy a file [MOUSE R] drag the file, [C]
Create a shortcut [CTRL][SHIFT] drag the file
Create a shortcut [MOUSE R] drag an item, [S]
Delete an item Drag to Recycle Bin
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [DEL]
Undo delete [MOUSE R] on desktop, [U]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT][DEL]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT][MOUSE R], [D]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT]drag item to Recycle Bin
Select first menu on menu bar [ALT]
Add Toolbar to any Windows applet or folder [ALT][V], [T]
Move forward through dialog box options [TAB]
Move backward through dialog box options [SHIFT][TAB]
Move between tabs [CTRL][TAB]
Move to an option with the letter X underlined [ALT]X
Open a list box [ALT][DOWN ARROW]
Go to the top of a list box [HOME]
Go to the bottom of a list box [END]
Move to item in list box starting with X X
Select or deselect items in a check box or list box [SPACEBAR]
Select or deselect one item at a time in a list box [SHIFT][UP ARROW]
Select or deselect one item at a time in a list box [SHIFT][DOWN ARROW]
Make noncontiguous selections from list box [CTRL][LEFT ARROW], [MOUSE L]
Open Look In list (Open dialog) [F4]
Open Save In list (Save as dialog) [F4]
Open folder a level up from current folder [BACKSPACE]
Create a new folder [MOUSE R], [W], [F]
Jump to a desktop item Type initial characters
Rename an item [F2]
Find a file or folder [F3]
Cut selected item [CTRL][X]
Copy selected item [CTRL][C]
Paste copied or cut item [CTRL][V]
View an item's Properties [ALT][ENTER]
View an item's Properties [ALT][MOUSE R][MOUSE R]
Create a shortcut [MOUSE R]drag the file, [S]
Close parent folders [SHIFT] click on the Close button
Correct displayed time [MOUSE R] on [ALT][T], [UP ARROW],
[DOWN ARROW][A],[TAB] to adjust, [ALT][A]
Line up icons [MOUSE R], [E]
Turn on (or turn off) icons' autoarrange [MOUSE R], [I], [A]
Minimize all windows [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [M]
Cascade all windows [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [C]
Tile all windows horizontally [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [H]
Tile all windows vertically [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [V]
Undo last Desktop command [MOUSE R], [U]
Change the Desktop's properties [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R]
Change background pattern [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R],
select option, [ALT][A]
Change wallpaper [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [ALT][W],
select option, [ALT][A]
Tile wallpaper [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [ALT]T, [ALT][A]
Center wallpaper [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [ALT]C, [ALT][A]
Change screen saver [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][S]
Password-protect screen saver [MOUSE R] on desktop,
[R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][P]
Change password [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][C]
Change screen saver setup [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][T]
Preview screen saver [MOUSE R] on desktop, [R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][V]
Change screen saver wait time [MOUSE R]on desktop,
[R], [CTRL][TAB], [ALT][W]
Taskbar
Hide Taskbar [MOUSE R], [R], [U]
Restore hidden Taskbar [MOUSE R], [R], [U]
Remove clock from Tray [MOUSE R], [R], [C]
Cascade all windows [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [C]
Tile all windows horizontally [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [H]
Tile all windows vertically [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [V]
Undo last Desktop command [MOUSE R], [U]
Reduce size of icons in Start menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R], [S]
Clear contents of Documents menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R],
[CTRL][TAB], [C]
Add item to Start menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R],
[CTRL][TAB], [A], [ALT][B]
Start Menu
Activate Start menu [CTRL][ESC]
Activate Start menu from Desktop [CTRL][ESC]
Activate Start menu from Desktop [ALT][S]
Add item to Start menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R],
[CTRL][TAB], [A], [ALT][B]
Remove items from Start menu [MOUSE R] on Start button, O, P, [ENTER]
Reduce size of icons in Start menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R], [S]
Clear contents of Documents menu [MOUSE R] on Taskbar, [R],
[CTRL][TAB], [C]
Bring up Find utility [MOUSE R] on Start button, [F]
Recycle Bin
Empty Recycle Bin [MOUSE R], [B]
Cancel delete confirmation dialog box [MOUSE R], [R], [D]
Reinstate delete confirmation dialog box [MOUSE R], [R], [D]
Cancel undelete option for every deletion [MOUSE R], [R], [R]
Explorer
Open Explorer [MOUSE R] on Start button, [E]
Refresh a window [F5]
Go to a named folder [CTRL][G], enter name
Jump to a folder Type its initial character(s)
Undo [CTRL][Z]
Select all [CTRL][A]
Move one level up [BACKSPACE]
Close selected folder and its parents [SHIFT][L] on Close button
Rename an item [F2]
Find a file or folder [F3]
Cut selected item [CTRL][X]
Copy selected item [CTRL][C]
Paste copied or cut item [CTRL][V]
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [DEL]
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [MOUSE R], [D]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT][DEL] or [SHIFT][MOUSE R], [D]
View an item's Properties [ALT][ENTER]
View an item's Properties [ALT][MOUSE R][MOUSE R]
Copy a file [CTRL] drag the file
Create a shortcut [CTRL][SHIFT] drag the file
Switch between left and right panes [F6]
Expand current folder's subfolders [*] on numeric keypad
Expand the selected folder [+] on numeric keypad
Collapse the selected folder [-] on numeric keypad
Expand current selection [RIGHT ARROW]
Select first subfolder (if expanded) [RIGHT ARROW]
Collapse current selection [LEFT ARROW]
Select parent folder (if collapsed) [LEFT ARROW]
Change icon size to small [ALT][V], [M]
Change icon size to small [MOUSE R], [V], [M]
Change icon size to large [ALT][V], [G]
Change icon size to large [MOUSE R], [V], [G]
Change icon view to a list [ALT][V], [L]
Change icon view to a list [MOUSE R], [V], [L]
Change icon view to a detailed list [ALT]V, [D]
Change icon view to a detailed list [MOUSE R], [V], [D]
Arrange icons in alphabetical order [ALT]V, [I], [N]
Arrange icons in alphabetical order [MOUSE R], [I], [N]
Arrange icons by size [ALT][V], [I], [S]
Arrange icons by size [MOUSE R], [I], [S]
Arrange icons by type [ALT][V], [I], [T]
Arrange icons by type [MOUSE R], [I], [T]
Arrange icons by modification date [ALT][V], [I], [D]
Arrange icons by modification date [MOUSE R], [I], [D]
Line up icons [ALT]V, [I], [E]
Line up icons [MOUSE R], [I], [E]
Add Toolbar to any Windows applet or folder [ALT][V], [T]
Activate the Toolbar's List box [TAB]
Activate the Toolbar's List box [F4]
Folders
Find a file or folder [F3]
Cut selected item [CTRL][X]
Copy selected item [CTRL][C]
Paste copied or cut item [CTRL][V]
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [DEL]
Delete an item to Recycle Bin [MOUSE R], [D]
Undo delete [MOUSE R] on desktop,[U]
Delete an item with no undelete [SHIFT][DEL]
View an item's Properties [ALT][ENTER]
Copy a file [CTRL] drag the file
Create a shortcut [CTRL][SHIFT] drag the file
Fonts
Install a new font [ALT][F], [I]
Hide font variations (bold, italic, etc.) [ALT][V], [H]
List fonts by similarity [ALT][V], [S]
Printers
Pause print job on selected printer [ALT][F], [A]
Pause print job on selected printer [MOUSE R], [A]
Purge print job on selected printer [ALT][F], [U]
Purge print job on selected printer [MOUSE R], [U]
Set default printer [ALT][F], [F]
Set default printer [MOUSE R], [F]
linux command
1) NAME
ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort.
2) NAME
cp - copy files and directories
SYNOPSIS
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
cp [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE...
DESCRIPTION
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
3) NAME
mv - move (rename) files
SYNOPSIS
mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
mv [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE...
EXAMPLES
DESCRIPTION
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
4) NAME
rm - remove files or directories
SYNOPSIS
rm [OPTION]... FILE...
EXAMPLES
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of rm. rm removes each specified file.
By default, it does not remove directories. If a file is unwritable, the standard input is a tty,
and the -f or --force option is not given, rm prompts the user for whether to remove the file.
If the response does not begin with `y' or `Y', the file is skipped.
5) NAME
chmod - change file access permissions
Examples
SYNOPSIS
chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of chmod. chmod changes the permissions of each given file according to mode, which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new permissions.
The format of a symbolic mode is `[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...]'. Multiple symbolic operations can be given, separated by commas.
A combination of the letters `ugoa' controls which users' access to the file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all users (a). If none of these are given, the effect is as if `a' were given, but bits that are set in the umask are not affected.
The operator `+' causes the permissions selected to be added to the existing permissions of each file; `-' causes them to be removed; and `=' causes them to be the only permissions that the file has.
The letters `rwxXstugo' select the new permissions for the affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x), execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), sticky (t), the permissions granted to the user who owns the file (u), the permissions granted to other users who are members of the file's group (g), and the permissions granted to users that are in neither of the two preceding categories (o).
A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Any omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and sticky (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the same values.
chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the chmod system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, chmod changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, chmod ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals.
STICKY FILES
On older Unix systems, the sticky bit caused executable files to be hoarded in swap space. This feature is not useful on modern VM systems, and the Linux kernel ignores the sticky bit on files. Other kernels may use the sticky bit on files for system-defined purposes. On some systems, only the superuser can set the sticky bit on files.
STICKY DIRECTORIES
When the sticky bit is set on a directory, files in that directory may be unlinked or renamed only by root or their owner. Without the sticky bit, anyone able to write to the directory can delete or rename files. The sticky bit is commonly found on directories, such as /tmp, that are world-writable.
OPTIONS
Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.
-c, --changes
like verbose but report only when a change is made
-f, --silent, --quiet
suppress most error messages
-v, --verbose
output a diagnostic for every file processed
--reference=RFILE
use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values
-R, --recursive
change files and directories recursively
--help
display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxXstugo.
6) NAME
kill - terminate a process
SYNOPSIS
kill [ -s signal | -p ] [ -a ] [ -- ] pid ...
kill -l [ signal ]
DESCRIPTION
The command kill sends the specified signal to the specified process or process group. If no signal is specified, the TERM signal is sent. The TERM signal will kill processes which do not catch this signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught.
Most modern shells have a builtin kill function, with a usage rather similar to that of the command described here. The `-a' and `-p' options, and the possibility to specify pids by command name is a local extension.
OPTIONS
pid...
Specify the list of processes that kill should signal. Each pid can be one of five things:
n
where n is larger than 0. The process with pid n will be signaled.
0
All processes in the current process group are signaled.
-1
All processes with pid larger than 1 will be signaled.
-n
where n is larger than 1. All processes in process group n are signaled. When an argument of the form `-n' is given, and it is meant to denote a process group, either the signal must be specified first, or the argument must be preceded by a `--' option, otherwise it will be taken as the signal to send.
commandname
All processes invoked using that name will be signaled.
-s signal
Specify the signal to send. The signal may be given as a signal name or number.
-l
Print a list of signal names. These are found in /usr/include/linux/signal.h
-a
Do not restrict the commandname-to-pid conversion to processes with the same uid as the present process.
-p
Specify that kill should only print the process id (pid) of the named processes, and not send any signals.
7) NAME
ps - report process status
EXAMPLES
SYNOPSIS
ps [options]
DESCRIPTION
ps gives a snapshot of the current processes. If you want a repetitive update of this status, use top. This man page documents the /proc-based version of ps, or tries to.
COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
This version of ps accepts several kinds of options.
Unix98 options may be grouped and must be preceeded by a dash.
BSD options may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
GNU long options are preceeded by two dashes.
linux command
1) NAME
ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort.
2) NAME
cp - copy files and directories
SYNOPSIS
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
cp [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE...
DESCRIPTION
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
3) NAME
mv - move (rename) files
SYNOPSIS
mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
mv [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE...
EXAMPLES
DESCRIPTION
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
4) NAME
rm - remove files or directories
SYNOPSIS
rm [OPTION]... FILE...
EXAMPLES
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of rm. rm removes each specified file.
By default, it does not remove directories. If a file is unwritable, the standard input is a tty,
and the -f or --force option is not given, rm prompts the user for whether to remove the file.
If the response does not begin with `y' or `Y', the file is skipped.
5) NAME
chmod - change file access permissions
Examples
SYNOPSIS
chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of chmod. chmod changes the permissions of each given file according to mode, which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new permissions.
The format of a symbolic mode is `[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...]'. Multiple symbolic operations can be given, separated by commas.
A combination of the letters `ugoa' controls which users' access to the file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all users (a). If none of these are given, the effect is as if `a' were given, but bits that are set in the umask are not affected.
The operator `+' causes the permissions selected to be added to the existing permissions of each file; `-' causes them to be removed; and `=' causes them to be the only permissions that the file has.
The letters `rwxXstugo' select the new permissions for the affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x), execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), sticky (t), the permissions granted to the user who owns the file (u), the permissions granted to other users who are members of the file's group (g), and the permissions granted to users that are in neither of the two preceding categories (o).
A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Any omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and sticky (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the same values.
chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the chmod system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, chmod changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, chmod ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals.
STICKY FILES
On older Unix systems, the sticky bit caused executable files to be hoarded in swap space. This feature is not useful on modern VM systems, and the Linux kernel ignores the sticky bit on files. Other kernels may use the sticky bit on files for system-defined purposes. On some systems, only the superuser can set the sticky bit on files.
STICKY DIRECTORIES
When the sticky bit is set on a directory, files in that directory may be unlinked or renamed only by root or their owner. Without the sticky bit, anyone able to write to the directory can delete or rename files. The sticky bit is commonly found on directories, such as /tmp, that are world-writable.
OPTIONS
Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.
-c, --changes
like verbose but report only when a change is made
-f, --silent, --quiet
suppress most error messages
-v, --verbose
output a diagnostic for every file processed
--reference=RFILE
use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values
-R, --recursive
change files and directories recursively
--help
display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxXstugo.
6) NAME
kill - terminate a process
SYNOPSIS
kill [ -s signal | -p ] [ -a ] [ -- ] pid ...
kill -l [ signal ]
DESCRIPTION
The command kill sends the specified signal to the specified process or process group. If no signal is specified, the TERM signal is sent. The TERM signal will kill processes which do not catch this signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught.
Most modern shells have a builtin kill function, with a usage rather similar to that of the command described here. The `-a' and `-p' options, and the possibility to specify pids by command name is a local extension.
OPTIONS
pid...
Specify the list of processes that kill should signal. Each pid can be one of five things:
n
where n is larger than 0. The process with pid n will be signaled.
0
All processes in the current process group are signaled.
-1
All processes with pid larger than 1 will be signaled.
-n
where n is larger than 1. All processes in process group n are signaled. When an argument of the form `-n' is given, and it is meant to denote a process group, either the signal must be specified first, or the argument must be preceded by a `--' option, otherwise it will be taken as the signal to send.
commandname
All processes invoked using that name will be signaled.
-s signal
Specify the signal to send. The signal may be given as a signal name or number.
-l
Print a list of signal names. These are found in /usr/include/linux/signal.h
-a
Do not restrict the commandname-to-pid conversion to processes with the same uid as the present process.
-p
Specify that kill should only print the process id (pid) of the named processes, and not send any signals.
7) NAME
ps - report process status
EXAMPLES
SYNOPSIS
ps [options]
DESCRIPTION
ps gives a snapshot of the current processes. If you want a repetitive update of this status, use top. This man page documents the /proc-based version of ps, or tries to.
COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
This version of ps accepts several kinds of options.
Unix98 options may be grouped and must be preceeded by a dash.
BSD options may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
GNU long options are preceeded by two dashes.
